Which of the following is an example of systematic error in surveying?

Systematic error in surveying refers to consistent, repeatable errors associated with faults or biases in the measurement process. These errors arise from incorrect construction or calibration of instruments, leading to measurements that are consistently off in the same direction. Instrument calibration mistakes are a prime example because they introduce a predictable deviation, causing all measurements taken with that instrument to exhibit the same error.

Such systematic errors can stem from various sources, including flawed equipment setups, constant misreading of scales, or improperly calibrated instruments. Recognizing and correcting these errors is crucial for achieving accurate and reliable survey results, as they cannot be reduced or eliminated through averaging like random errors.

In contrast, other options involve different types of errors. Random fluctuations in measurements arise from unpredictable variations in readings, while human errors stem from mistakes made by the operator during the surveying process. Weather-related discrepancies can cause variations in readings but generally do not result in a consistent, repeatable error pattern like systematic errors do.